جماعة الجيش الأحمر

شعار الجماعة

جماعة الجيش الأحمر RAF (بالألمانية: Rote Armee Fraktion روته أرمي فراكتسيون) (في مراحلها الأولى كانت تعرف عموماً باسم مجموعة Baader-Meinhof بادر ماينهوف)، إحدى أبرز وأنشط الجماعات اليسارية المسلحة بألمانيا الغربية ما بعد الحرب. وتصف نفسها بأنها جماعة "مسلحة مدنية" شيوعية تشارك في مقاومة مسلحة، في حين أن حكومة ألمانية الغربية تعتبرها جماعة إرهابية. أسس الجيش الأحمر رسمياً في عام 1970 : أندرياس بادر، غودرون إنسلين، هورست مالر، أولريكي ماري ماينهوف، إرمغارت مولر وغيرهم.

نشط فصيل الجيش الأحمر منذ السبعينات حتى عام 1993، مرتكباً العديد من العمليات لا سيما في خريف عام 1977، الأمر الذي أدى إلى أزمة وطنية عُرفت باسم "الخريف الألماني". كانت مسؤولة عن موت 34 شخصاً بما في ذلك العديد من الاهداف الثانوية، مثل الحراس الشخصيين والسائقين - والعديد من الجرحى في ما يقرب من 30 عاماً من وجودها.

وسط جدل واسع النطاق إعلامياً، نظر الرئيس الألماني هورست كولر في طلب العفو المقدم من عضو الجيش الأحمر كريستيان كلار والمحكوم عليه بالسجن مدى الحياة ست مرات، ولكن هذا الطلب رُفض في 7 مايو آيار 2007. فيما تحصلت عضو الجيش الأحمر بريغيتي مونهاوبت على الإفراج المشروط لمدة خمس سنوات من قبل المحكمة الألمانية في 12 فبراير 2007، وأُطلق سراح إيفا هاولي في 17 أغسطس 2007.

البداية

أصل المجموعة تعود لحركة الاحتجاج في ألمانيا الغربية. شهدت الدول الصناعية في أواخر الستينات من القرن الماضي اضطرابات اجتماعية متصلة ارتبطت بمواليد ولدوا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، الحرب الباردة، ونهاية الاستعمار. وتحرير المرأة والمناهضة للإمبريالية وجدت حديثا وقضايا هوية الشباب وقضايا مثل العنصرية، كانت في طليعة اهتمام اليسارية سياسيا.

في ألمانيا الغربية، في 1966 بدأ ظهور التحالف الكبير الأول بين الحزبين الرئيسيين، الحزب الديمقراطي الاشتراكي وحزب الاتحاد الديمقراطي المسيحي، تحت قيادة المستشار جيورج كيسنجر. مع 95 في المئة من البوندستاغ التي تسيطر عليها قوات التحالف، تم تشكيل المعارضة خارج البرلمان بقصد توليد الاحتجاج والنشاط السياسي من خارج الحكومة. نفور الكثير من الشباب عن والديهم وعن مؤسسات الدولة. قاد الإرث التاريخي للنازية ثغرة بين الأجيال وعمل على تزايد الشك وزيادة الاستبدادية في المجتمع (ويرى بعض المحللين ان ذلك أثر في إيطاليا، مما أدى إلى ظهور حركة الألوية الحمراء.

قائمة الاعتداءات

تاريخ	المكان	التنفيذ	نتيجة	صورة
22 أكتوبر 1971	هامبورغ	مقتل ضابط شرطة	RAF members Irmgard Möller and Gerhard Müller attempted to rescue Margrit Schiller who was being arrested by the police by engaging in a shootout.[1] Police sergeant Heinz Lemke was shot in the foot, while Sergeant Norbert Schmid, 33, was killed, becoming the first murder to be attributed to the RAF.[2]
22 ديسمبر 1971	كايسرسلاوترن	مقتل ضابط شرطة	German Police officer Herbert Schoner, 32, was shot by members of the RAF in a bank robbery. The four militants escaped with 134,000 مارك ألمانيs.
11 مايو 1972	فرانكفورت	تفجير ثكنة عسكرية أمريكية	مقتل الضابط الأمريكي بول بلومكويست جرح 13
12 مايو 1972	آوغسبورغ وميونخ	تفجير مركز للشرطة في آوغسبورغ ووكالة التحقيقات الجنائية لولاية بافاريا في ميونيخ	5 police-officers wounded. Claimed by the Tommy Weissbecker Commando.
16 مايو 1972	كارلسروه	تفجير سيارة القاضي الاتحادي للبدينبيرغ	His wife was driving the car and was wounded. Claimed by the Manfred Grashof commando.
19 مايو 1972	هامبورغ	Bombing of the Axel Springer Verlag	17 wounded. Ilse Stachowiak was involved in the bombing.
24 مايو 1972 18:10 CET	هايدلبرغ	Bombing outside of Officers Club followed by a second bomb moments later in front of Army Security Agency (ASA), U.S. Army in Europe (HQ USAREUR) at Campbell Barracks. Known involved RAF members: Irmgard Möller and Angela Luther, Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, Holger Meins, Jan-Carl Raspe.	3 dead (Ronald A. Woodward, Charles L. Peck and نقيب (الولايات المتحدة) Clyde R. Bonner), 5 wounded. Claimed by 15 July Commando (in honour of Petra Schelm). Executed by Irmgard Moeller.
24 أبريل 1975	Stockholm	West German embassy siege, murder of Andreas von Mirbach and Dr. Heinz Hillegaart	4 dead, of whom 2 were RAF members
7 مايو 1976	دراي آيش near أوفنباخ أم ماين	Police officer killed	22 year old Fritz Sippel[3] was shot in the head when checking an RAF member's identity papers.
4 يناير 1977	غيسن	Attack against US 42nd Field Artillery Brigade at Gießen.	In a failed attack against the غيسن army base, the RAF sought to capture or destroy nuclear weapons present.[4] A diversionary bomb attack on a fuel tank failed to fully ignite the fuel, and the assault on the armory was then repulsed, with several RAF members killed in the ensuing firefight. The presence of U.S. warheads on German soil was classified and officially denied at the time, and the incident received little publicity. General William Burns, who commanded the base in 1977, detailed the attack in a 1996 interview.[5]
7 أبريل 1977	Karlsruhe	Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback	The driver and another passenger were also killed. Claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando. This murder case was brought up again after the 30 year commemoration in April 2007 when information from former RAF member Peter-Jürgen Boock surfaced in media reports.
30 يوليو 1977	أوبرأورزل (Taunus)		The director of Dresdner Bank, Jürgen Ponto, is shot in his home during an attempted kidnapping. Ponto later dies from his injuries.
5 سبتمبر 1977 18 أكتوبر 1977	Cologne resp. ميلوز	Hanns-Martin Schleyer, chairman of the German Employers' Association, is kidnapped and later shot	3 police-officers and the driver are killed during the kidnapping
22 سبتمبر 1977	أوترخت, Netherlands	Shooting outside a bar	Arie Kranenburg (46), Dutch policeman, shot and killed by RAF Knut Folkerts
24 سبتمبر 1978	A forest near دورتموند[6]	Murder of a police officer	Three RAF members (Angelika Speitel, Werner Lotze, Michael Knoll) were engaged in target-practice when they were confronted by police. A shoot-out followed where one police-man (Hans-Wilhelm Hans, 26)[7] was shot dead, and one of the RAF terrorists (Knoll) was wounded so badly that he would later die from his injuries.[8]
1 نوفمبر 1978	Kerkrade[9]	Gun-battle with four جمرك	Dionysius de Jong (19) was shot to death, and Johannes Goemanns (24) later died of his wounds, when they were involved in a gun-fight with RAF members (Adelheid Schulz and Rolf Heissler)[10] who were trying to cross the Dutch border illegally.[7]
25 يونيو 1979	مونس, Belgium	ألكسندر هيغ, Supreme Allied Commander of الحلف الأطلسي escapes an assassination attempt	A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car and wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[11] In 1993 a German Court sentenced رولف كليمنس فاغنر, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[11]
7 أغسطس 1981	كايسرسلاوترن	USAF Security Police Officer attacked in Kaiserslautern by Christian Klar and Brigitte Mohnhaupt and unknown third party. Security Police Officer on his way to work, riding a bicycle when he was attacked.	Security Police Officer survived the attack. Mohnhaupt and Klar fled the scene in a green VW. Unknown third party was injured or killed. He was never found.
31 أغسطس 1981		راينلند بالاتينات	Large car-bomb explodes in the parking lot of قاعدة رامشتين الجوية
15 سبتمبر 1981		هايدلبرغ	Unsuccessful rocket propelled grenade attack against the car carrying the US Army's West German Commander Frederick J. Kroesen. Known involved RAF members: Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar.
2 يوليو 1982	نورنبرغ	Unsuccessful sniper attack against US ARMY Nuclear Storage Site NATO-23. 4 Civilians died the next day due to High alert of American troops / accidental shooting.(2 Adults / 2 Children) Known involved RAF members: Christian Klar.	A family of 4 hunting mushrooms came through a fence downed by storms the day after the sniper incident and were killed by members of the 3/17th Field Artillery Battalion after being shot at just hours before. The 3/17 FA Battalion were guarding the NATO 2-3 Nuclear storage site at the time. The unit was fired upon several times the night before by Christian Klar. 2 US. Soldiers were slightly wounded 1 KIA.
18 ديسمبر 1984	Oberammergau, West Germany	Unsuccessful attempt to bomb a School for NATO officers. The car bomb was discovered and defused.	A total of ten incidents followed over the next month, against US, British, and French targets.[12]
1 فبراير 1985	جاوتينغ	Shooting	Ernst Zimmerman, head of the MTU is shot in the head in his home. Zimmermann died twelve hours later. The assassination was claimed by the باتسي أوهارا Commando.[13]
8 أغسطس 1985	Rhein-Main Air Base (near Frankfurt)	A Volkswagen Passat exploded in the parking lot across from the base commander's building.	Two people are killed: Airman First Class Frank Scarton and Becky Bristol, a U.S. civilian employee who also was the spouse of a U.S. Air Force enlisted man. A granite monument marks the spot where they died. Twenty people are injured. Army Spec. Edward Pimental was kidnapped and killed the night before for his military ID card which was used to gain access to the base. The French terrorist organization العمل المباشر is suspected to have collaborated with the RAF on this attack. Birgit Hogefeld and Eva Haule have been convicted for their involvement in this event.
9 يوليو 1986	Straßlach (near Munich)		Shooting of Siemens-manager Karl Heinz Beckurts and driver Eckhard Groppler
30 نوفمبر 1989	Bad Homburg v. d. Höhe	Bombing of the car carrying the chairman of Deutsche Bank Alfred Herrhausen	The case remained open for a long time, as the delicate method employed baffled the German prosecutors, as it could not come from guerillas like the RAF. Also, all suspects of the RAF were not charged due to alibis. However, The case is receiving new light in late 2007 by the German authorities that Stasi, the East German secret police, played a role in the assassination of Mr. Herrhausen, as the bombing method was the exactly the same one that had been developed by the Stasis.
1 أبريل 1991	Düsseldorf	Assassination of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, at his house in دوسلدورف	As the chief of the Treuhandanstalt, a powerful trust that controlled most state-owned assets in the former East Germany, Mr. Rohwedder was in charge of privatizing the assets of the former German Democratic Republic.
27 مارس 1993	فايترشتات	Attacks with explosives at the construction site of a new prison.	Led to the capture of two RAF members three months later at a train station, and a shoot-out between RAF member فولفغانغ غرامز  and a GSG 9 squad; GSG9 officer Michael Newrzella was killed before Grams shot himself, while Birgit Hogefeld was arrested. Damage 123 million DM (over 50 million euro). The attack caused a four year delay in the completion of the site, that had been short before commissioning in 1993.

مراجع

موسوعات ذات صلة :

• موسوعة عقد 1970
• موسوعة إرهاب
• موسوعة شيوعية
• موسوعة ألمانيا
• موسوعة التاريخ
• موسوعة الحرب الباردة