الرئيسيةعريقبحث

قائمة اللادينيين الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل

☰ جدول المحتويات

توزيع الملحدين والمنكرين لوجود الإله، والمفكرون الاحرار في جوائز نوبل بين عامي 1901-2000.[1]

تضم هذه القائمة الحائزين على جائزة نوبل الذين يعتبرون من الملحدون، اللاأدريون ، المفكرون الأحرار أو اللادينيون أو الذين عرفوا عن أنفسهم بذلك في فترة ما من حياتهم.[2] حسب إحدى الإحصائيات تشير أن جميع اللادينيون حصلوا على حوالي 10.5% من مجمل جوائر نوبل بين عام 1901 وعام 2000،[3] وحوالي 35% من مجمل الحائزين على جائزة نوبل في الأدب.[4] ووفقاً لنفس الإحصائيات قد فاز من الملحدون، واللاأدريون، والمفكرون الأحرار على حوالي 8.9% من مجمل الجوائز في مجال الطب، وحوالي 7.1% في مجال الكيمياء، وحوالي 5.2% في مجال الاقتصاد، وحوالي 4.7% في مجال الفيزياء، وحوالي 3.6% في مجال السلام.[4] ولقد كان ألفريد نوبل نفسه ملحد في فترة ما من حياته.[5] وجدت دراسة أخرى قامت بها جامعة نبراسكا- لينكون عام 1998 أنَ حوالي 16% من الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء هم من خلفيَّة لادينية (بين الأعوام 1901-1990).[6]

الكيمياء

هارولد كروتو.

الاقتصاد

الأدب

جان بول سارتر.

السلام

الفيزياء

بيار كوري وماري كوري.
البرت اينشتاين.
بيتر هيغز.

علم وظائف الأعضاء أو الطب

فرنسيس كريك.
ريتا ليفي مونتالشيني.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

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  63. "Percy Williams Bridgman". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 15 يناير 201924 أبريل 2012. He was raised in the Congregational Church, but faith in God clashed with his well-known analytical nature and he told his family as a young man that he could not in good conscience become a church member.
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  65. Ray Monk (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. Random House LLC.  . In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
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  74. "The family adopted the Lutheran faith in 1918, and although Gabor nominally remained true to it, religion appears to have had little influence in his life. He later acknowledged the role played by an antireligious humanist education in the development of his ideas and stated his position as being that of a “benevolent agnostic.”" "Gabor, Dennis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (30 January 2012). نسخة محفوظة 11 يناير 2020 على موقع واي باك مشين.
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  77. Sample, Ian (17 November 2007). "The god of small things". London: The Guardian. مؤرشف من الأصل في 20 يونيو 201321 مارس 2013. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious."
  78. "Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 ديسمبر 201825 أبريل 2012. When asked by the interviewer about his view of the universe and the design or non-design of the universe, Hooft replied, "Well absolutely amazing fact that it seems that the entire universe is now in grasp of theoretical physics. It still highly premature to make theories that includes how the big bang originated as and things like that. Although, people are tying that every day. ...As far as I'm concerned, everything seems to behave completely rationally. The laws of physics is all we need to understand how the universe got into being. And then eventually we end up with this religious question as to why is the universe is the way it is and how can it be it is a place for humans to live in, that is a miracle. I don't have really any answers here, but as a physicist I've learn to appreciate the fact that everything seems to have totally rational explanations and as far as I'm concerned, I expect the entire universe now also to be something you can explain in completely rational terms. That what I expect now, just because of past experience."
  79. "Gerardus `t Hooft – Science Video Interview". 2004. مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 ديسمبر 201825 أبريل 2012. When asked by the interviewer about his belief in an afterlife, Hooft replied, "Well, such beliefs I think I related to religions of the past and I don't think that notions such as 'afterlife' has any...scientific basis. Not in terms of modern science. So I can only say no."
  80. Kroemer, Herbert. "Herbert Kroemer – Science Video Interview". مؤرشف من الأصل في 17 ديسمبر 2018. Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."
  81. Schaefer, Henry F. (2008). Science and Christianity : conflict or coherence?. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia. صفحة 9.  . I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.
  82. Dan Falk (2005). "What About God?". Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything. Arcade Publishing. صفحة 195.  . "Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman
  83. Babu Gogineni (July 10, 2012). "It's the Atheist Particle, actually". Postnoon News. مؤرشف من الأصل في 14 يوليو 201210 يوليو 2012. Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!
  84. Barrow, John D. (2000). The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe (الطبعة 1st Vintage Books). New York: Vintage Books. صفحة 136.  .
  85. Eremoenko, Alexey (9 October 2014). "Q&A: Russian Nobel Laureate on Fun, God and the 'Ideal Physicist". The Moscow Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 24 نوفمبر 201516 فبراير 2016.
  86. Bernard Valeur, Jean-Claude Brochon (2001). New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences. Springer. صفحة 17.  . Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.
  87. Moore, Walter (1994). A life of Erwin Schrödinger. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. صفحة 86.  . Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God" …
  88. Diem-Lane, Andrea (2008). Spooky Physics: Einstein vs. Bohr. MSAC Philosophy Group. صفحة 68.  . In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god.
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  91. Ginzburg, V. L. (2005). About Science, Myself and Others. CRC Press. صفحة 253.  . Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.
  92. Feinberg, E. L. & Leonidov, A. V. (2011). Physicists: Epoch and Personalities (الطبعة 2). World Scientific. صفحة 86.  .
  93. Azpurua, Ana Elena (March 24, 2008). "In Search of the God Particle". Newsweek. صفحة 3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 27 أبريل 200925 مارس 2008. I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that.
  94. Jesse Hong Xiong (2009). "Seven". The Outline of Parapsychology. Rowman & Littlefield. صفحة 322.  . When a reporter asked him: “Do you believe there is a Creator who creates all in the universe?" Professor Chen Ning Yang (1922- ), a Chinese Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1957, answered: “I think it is hard for me to directly say 'yes' or 'no'. I can only say that when we more and more understand the wonderful structures in the nature, no matter whether we directly or indirectly ask the question, there does exist the question you ask: is there someone or God who takes charge of all? I think it is a question that will never be finally answered. (The reporter asked: 'Is it because what man knows is too limited?') On one hand, yes; on the other hand, we can have a feeling that the universe will not be created so wonderful without an ultimate goal.” Professor Yang held agnosticism here.
  95. Craver, Carl F (2008). "Axelrod, Julius". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 19. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. صفحة 122. Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents’ religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism.
  96. Robert W. Baloh. "Robert Bárány and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction". Neurology.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 15 مارس 201614 مايو 2012. Although anti-Semitism was again on the rise in Austria, it is unlikely that anti-Semitism was a factor in the hostility toward Bárány because he was an agnostic who did not believe in Zionism.
  97. "J. Michael Bishop". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 يوليو 201918 يوليو 2012.
  98. Crick, Francis (1988). What mad pursuit : a personal view of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books. صفحة 10.  .
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  100. Steyn, Mark (October 2004). "The Twentieth-Century Darwin". ذا أتلانتيك. نسخة محفوظة 9 يوليو 2008 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  101. Siegel, Ralph M.; Callaway, Edward M. (2004). "Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω". PLoS Biology. 2 (12): e419. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020419. PMC . PMID 17593891. Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist.
  102. Highfield, Roger (20 Mar 2003). "Do our genes reveal the hand of God?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 6 يناير 201915 أكتوبر 2015. Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited."
  103. "Max Delbrück". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 29 يونيو 201914 مايو 2012.
  104. Walter Shropshire (2007). Max Delbrück and the New Perception of Biology, 1906–1981: A Centenary Celebration, University of Salamanca, October 9–10, 2006. AuthorHouse. صفحة 155.  . As far as I know, he never identified himself as a member of any formal church or religious faith, but neither did he reject religion. He had a deeply felt respect for all faiths, believing that regardless of the details, they all fill basically the same human aspirations.
  105. Ruse, Michael. "Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning by Christian de Duve (Introductory essay)". The International Society for Science and Religion library project. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 مارس 201615 أكتوبر 2015.
  106. Trevor Illtyd Williams (1984). Howard Florey, Penicillin and After. Oxford University Press. صفحة 363.  . As an agnostic, the chapel services meant nothing to Florey but, unlike some contemporary scientists, he was not aggressive in his disbelief.
  107. Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. صفحة 34.  . It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.
  108. "Frederick Hopkins". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 12 فبراير 201918 يوليو 2012.
  109. "Obituary: Andrew Huxley". The Economist. June 16, 2012. مؤرشف من الأصل في 8 أغسطس 201714 مايو 2013. He did not even mind the master's duty of officiating in chapel, since he was, he explained, not atheist but agnostic (a word usefully invented by his grandfather), and was “very conscious that there is no scientific explanation for the fact that we are conscious.”
  110. Jacob, The Statue Within, pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53.
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  112. Lubbock, Richard. "Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots". Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. مؤرشف من الأصل في 3 مارس 201615 أكتوبر 2015. In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod.
  113. Horowitz, Norman H. (August 1998). "T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence". Genetics. 149 (4): 1629–1632. PMC . PMID 9691024. مؤرشف من الأصل في 12 يونيو 201815 أكتوبر 2015. Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural.
  114. Pontecorvo, G. (November 1968). Quote from p. 353. "Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 14: 348–389. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015. JSTOR 769450. Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism.
  115. Tauber, Alfred I.; Chernyak, Leon (1991). Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology : From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory. Oxford University Press. صفحة 5.  . ... his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science.
  116. Costantino Ceoldo (2012-12-31). "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini". مؤرشف من الأصل في 18 أكتوبر 201520 يوليو 2013. Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
  117. Nurse, Paul (2001). "Sir Paul Nurse – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 8 يونيو 201315 أكتوبر 2015. I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic.
  118. Windholz, George (September 1986). "Pavlov's Religious Orientation". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 25 (3): 320. doi:10.2307/1386296. JSTOR 1386296. Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."
  119. Reville, William (April 20, 2006). "A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?". The Irish Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 12 أكتوبر 201215 أكتوبر 2015.
  120. "John E. Sulston". NNDB. Soylent Communications. مؤرشف من الأصل في 15 يناير 201921 أبريل 2014.
  121. "Adofo Pérez Esquivel". Nobel Prize Committee. مؤرشف من الأصل في 5 سبتمبر 2008.
  122. "Albert Szent-Györgyi". NNDB.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 16 يوليو 201918 يوليو 2012.
  123. Deirdre Barrett (2010). Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose. W. W. Norton & Company. صفحات 21–22.  . Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.
  124. Highfield, Roger (20 March 2003). "Do our genes reveal the hand of God?". The Telegraph. مؤرشف من الأصل في 6 يناير 201915 أكتوبر 2015.

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